semanticscholar-skill
# Semantic Scholar Search Workflow
Search academic papers via the Semantic Scholar API using a structured 4-phase workflow.
**Critical rule:** NEVER make multiple sequential Bash calls for API requests. Always write ONE Python script that runs all searches, then execute it once. All rate limiting is handled inside `s2.py` automatically.
## Phase 1: Understand & Plan
Parse the user's intent and choose a search strategy:
### Decision Tree
| User wants... | Strategy | Function |
|---------------|----------|----------|
| Broad topic exploration | Relevance search | `search_relevance()` |
| Precise technical terms, exact phrases | Bulk search with boolean operators | `search_bulk()` with `build_bool_query()` |
| Specific passages or methods | Snippet search | `search_snippets()` |
| Known paper by title | Title match | `match_title()` |
| Known paper by DOI/PMID/ArXiv | Direct lookup | `get_paper()` |
| Papers citing a known work | Citation traversal | `get_citations()` |
| Related to one paper | Single-seed recommendations | `find_similar()` |
| Related to multiple papers | Multi-seed recommendations | `recommend()` |
| Find a researcher | Author search | `search_authors()` |
| Researcher's profile | Author details | `get_author()` |
| Researcher's publications | Author papers | `get_author_papers()` |
### Query Construction Rules
- **Ambiguous terms** (e.g., "stem cells" could mean mesenchymal or stem-like T cells): Use `build_bool_query()` with exact phrases and exclusions
- Example: `build_bool_query(phrases=["stem-like T cells"], required=["CD4", "TCF7"], excluded=["mesenchymal", "hematopoietic stem cell"])`
- **Multi-context queries** (e.g., "topic X in cancer AND autoimmunity"): Plan separate searches, deduplicate with `deduplicate()`
- **Broad topics**: Use `search_relevance()` with filters (year, venue, fieldsOfStudy, minCitationCount)
### Plan Filters
| Filter | Use when |
|--------|----------|
| `year="2020-"` | Recent work only |
| `publication_date="2024-01-01:2024-06-30"` | Precise date range (YYYY-MM-DD) |
| `fields_of_study="Medicine"` | Restrict to domain |
| `min_citations=10` | Only established papers |
| `pub_types="Review"` | Find reviews/meta-analyses |
| `pub_types="ClinicalTrial"` | Clinical trials only |
| `open_access=True` | Only open access papers |
**Checkpoint:** Before proceeding, verify: (1) search strategy matches user intent, (2) filters are appropriate, (3) query is specific enough to avoid irrelevant results.
## Phase 2: Execute Search
Write ONE Python script. Example:
```python
import sys, os
SKILL_DIR = next((p for p in [
os.path.expanduser("~/.claude/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
os.path.expanduser("~/.openclaw/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
] if os.path.isdir(p)), ".")
sys.path.insert(0, SKILL_DIR)
from s2 import *
# Build precise query
q = build_bool_query(
phrases=["stem-like T cells"],
required=["CD4", "IBD"],
excluded=["mesenchymal"]
)
papers = search_bulk(q, max_results=30, year="2018-", fields_of_study="Medicine")
papers = deduplicate(papers)
print(format_results(papers, "Stem-like CD4 T cells in IBD"))
```
Execute with: `python3 /tmp/s2_search.py`
**Rules:**
- Import everything from s2: `from s2 import *`
- Write script to `/tmp/s2_search.py` (or similar temp path)
- One Bash call to execute. Never chain multiple API calls via separate Bash invocations.
- Rate limiting, retries, and backoff are automatic inside s2.py
**Checkpoint:** Verify the script ran successfully (no exceptions) and returned results. If 0 results, broaden the query or relax filters before presenting.
### Worked Examples
**Example 1: Author workflow** — "Find papers by Yann LeCun on self-supervised learning"
```python
import sys, os
SKILL_DIR = next((p for p in [
os.path.expanduser("~/.claude/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
os.path.expanduser("~/.openclaw/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
] if os.path.isdir(p)), ".")
sys.path.insert(0, SKILL_DIR)
from s2 import *
authors = search_authors("Yann LeCun", max_results=5)
print(format_authors(authors))
# Use the first match's ID to get their papers
author_id = authors[0]["authorId"]
papers = get_author_papers(author_id, max_results=50)
# Filter locally for topic
ssl_papers = [p for p in papers if "self-supervised" in (p.get("title") or "").lower()]
print(format_results(ssl_papers, "Yann LeCun - Self-Supervised Learning"))
```
**Example 2: Citation chain** — "Who cited the Transformer paper and what did they build on?"
```python
import sys, os
SKILL_DIR = next((p for p in [
os.path.expanduser("~/.claude/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
os.path.expanduser("~/.openclaw/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
] if os.path.isdir(p)), ".")
sys.path.insert(0, SKILL_DIR)
from s2 import *
paper = get_paper("DOI:10.48550/arXiv.1706.03762")
print(f"Title: {paper['title']}, Citations: {paper['citationCount']}")
# Get top-cited papers that cite this one
citing = get_citations(paper["paperId"], max_results=50)
citing_papers = [c["citingPaper"] for c in citing if c.get("citingPaper")]
citing_papers.sort(key=lambda p: p.get("citationCount", 0), reverse=True)
print(format_results(citing_papers, "Most-cited papers citing Attention Is All You Need"))
```
**Example 3: Multi-seed recommendations with BibTeX export** — "Find papers like these two but not about NLP"
```python
import sys, os
SKILL_DIR = next((p for p in [
os.path.expanduser("~/.claude/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
os.path.expanduser("~/.openclaw/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
] if os.path.isdir(p)), ".")
sys.path.insert(0, SKILL_DIR)
from s2 import *
recs = recommend(
positive_ids=["DOI:10.1038/nature14539", "ARXIV:2010.11929"],
negative_ids=["ARXIV:1706.03762"],
limit=20
)
print(format_results(recs, "Vision papers like Deep Learning & ViT, excluding NLP"))
# Export BibTeX for top results
bib_data = batch_papers([r["paperId"] for r in recs[:10]], fields="title,citationStyles")
print(export_bibtex(bib_data))
```
## Phase 3: Summarize & Present
- Use `format_results()` for consistent output (summary table + top-10 details)
- If user's language is Chinese, present summaries in Chinese
- Always note total results count and search strategy used
- Highlight most relevant papers based on the user's specific question
## Phase 4: User Interaction Loop
After presenting results, **always offer these options:**
1. **Translate** — titles/summaries to Chinese (or other language)
2. **Details** — full abstract for specific paper numbers
3. **Refine** — narrow or expand search with different terms/filters
4. **Similar** — find papers similar to a specific result (`find_similar()`)
5. **Citations** — who cited a specific paper (`get_citations()`)
6. **Export** — save results via `export_bibtex()`, `export_markdown()`, or `export_json()`
7. **Done** — end search session
Loop until user says done. Each follow-up uses the same single-script pattern.
---
## API Quick Reference
### Helper Module (`s2.py`)
```python
import sys, os
SKILL_DIR = next((p for p in [
os.path.expanduser("~/.claude/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
os.path.expanduser("~/.openclaw/skills/semanticscholar-skill"),
] if os.path.isdir(p)), ".")
sys.path.insert(0, SKILL_DIR)
from s2 import *
```
### Paper Search Functions
| Function | Purpose | Max Results |
|----------|---------|-------------|
| `search_relevance(query, **filters)` | Simple broad search | 1,000 |
| `search_bulk(query, sort=..., **filters)` | Boolean precise search | 10,000,000 |
| `search_snippets(query, **filters)` | Full-text passage search | 1,000 |
| `match_title(title)` | Exact title match | 1 |
| `get_paper(paper_id)` | Single paper details | — |
| `get_citations(paper_id, max_results)` | Who cited this | 10,000 |
| `get_references(paper_id, max_results)` | What this cites | 10,000 |
| `find_similar(paper_id, limit, pool)` | Single-seed recommendations | 500 |
| `recommend(positive_ids, negative_ids, limit)` | Multi-seed recommendations | 500 |
| `batch_papers(ids, fields)` | Batch lookup (≤500) | — |
### Author Functions
| Function | Purpose | Max Results |
|----------|---------|-------------|
| `search_authors(query, max_results)` | Find researchers by name | 1,000 |
| `get_author(author_id)` | Author profile (affiliations, h-index) | — |
| `get_author_papers(author_id, max_results)` | Author's publications | 10,000 |
| `get_paper_authors(paper_id, max_results)` | Paper's author list | 1,000 |
| `batch_authors(ids, fields)` | Batch author lookup (≤1000) | — |
### Filter Parameters (kwargs)
`year`, `publication_date`, `venue`, `fields_of_study`, `min_citations`, `pub_types`, `open_access`
- `year`: `"2020-"`, `"-2019"`, `"2016-2020"`
- `publication_date`: `"2024-01-01:2024-06-30"` (YYYY-MM-DD range, open-ended OK)
- `pub_types`: `Review`, `JournalArticle`, `Conference`, `ClinicalTrial`, `MetaAnalysis`, `Dataset`, `Book`, `CaseReport`, `Editorial`, `LettersAndComments`, `News`, `Study`, `BookSection`
### Boolean Query Syntax (bulk search only)
| Syntax | Example | Meaning |
|--------|---------|---------|
| `"..."` | `"deep learning"` | Exact phrase |
| `+` | `+transformer` | Must include |
| `-` | `-survey` | Exclude |
| `\|` | `CNN \| RNN` | OR |
| `*` | `neuro*` | Prefix wildcard |
| `()` | `(CNN \| RNN) +attention` | Grouping |
Use `build_bool_query(phrases, required, excluded, or_terms)` to construct safely.
### Output Functions
| Function | Purpose |
|----------|---------|
| `format_table(papers, max_rows=30)` | Markdown summary table |
| `format_details(papers, max_papers=10)` | Detailed entries with TLDR/abstract |
| `format_results(papers, query_desc)` | Combined: summary + table + details |
| `format_authors(authors, max_rows=20)` | Author table (name, affiliations, h-index) |
| `export_bibtex(papers)` | BibTeX entries (requires `citationStyles` field) |
| `export_markdown(papers, query_desc)` | Full markdown report saved to file |
| `export_json(papers, path)` | JSON export saved to file |
| `deduplicate(papers)` | Remove duplicates by paperId |
### Supported ID Formats
`DOI:10.1038/...`, `ARXIV:2106.15928`, `PMID:19872477`, `PMCID:PMC2323569`, `CorpusId:215416146`, `ACL:2020.acl-main.447`, `DBLP:conf/acl/...`, `MAG:3015453090`, `URL:https://...`
### Paper Fields
Default: `title,year,citationCount,authors,venue,externalIds,tldr`
Additional: `abstract`, `references`, `citations`, `openAccessPdf`, `publicationDate`, `publicationVenue`, `fieldsOfStudy`, `s2FieldsOfStudy`, `journal`, `isOpenAccess`, `referenceCount`, `influentialCitationCount`, `citationStyles`, `embedding`, `textAvailability`
Author fields: `name`, `affiliations`, `paperCount`, `citationCount`, `hIndex`, `homepage`, `externalIds`, `papers`
### Rate Limiting
Handled automatically by `s2.py`: 1.1s gap between requests, exponential backoff (2s→4s→8s→16s→32s, max 60s) on 429/504 errors, up to 5 retries.
### Troubleshooting
| Error | Cause | Fix |
|-------|-------|-----|
| `HTTPError 403` | Missing or invalid API key | Verify `S2_API_KEY` is set: `echo $S2_API_KEY` |
| `HTTPError 429` after 5 retries | Sustained rate limit exceeded | Wait 60s, reduce `max_results`, or split into smaller batches |
| `ModuleNotFoundError: s2` | Skill directory not on path | Verify skill is installed at `~/.claude/skills/` or `~/.openclaw/skills/` |
| `ModuleNotFoundError: requests` | `requests` not installed | `pip install requests` or `uv pip install requests` |
| 0 results returned | Query too specific or filters too narrow | Broaden query, remove filters, try `search_relevance()` instead of `search_bulk()` |
| `KeyError: 'data'` | Endpoint returned error object | Check `r.get("message")` for API error details |
| `tldr` field is empty | Not all papers have TLDR | Fall back to `abstract` field; bulk search never returns `tldr` |
标签
skill
ai
